By trying to make the treaties of 1767 and 1799 say what they do not, Spanish philosopher Emmanuel Martínez Alcocer has sought to write a history—particularly that of Ceuta and Melilla—with Morocco written out of it, claiming that the Moroccan state did not exist before 1956. It is an ideological contrivance whose glaring flaws Lahcen Haddad, a parliamentarian, academic and former minister, exposes through a relentless demonstration combining international law and historical exegesis.